Java is known for several important finds of early hominid specimens. [6] In particular, the 1891 discovery of cranial fossil remains commonly known as "Java man" (now designated as Trinil 2, after the Trinil site on the Bengawan Solo River) is notable as the first early hominid specimen found outside Europe. In the following course of human history, several kingdoms existed on Java. The first kingdoms ruled there were Indianized kingdoms, influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. Sailendra (8–9th century), Mataram (752–1045), Kediri (1045–1221), Singhasari (1222–1292) and Majapahit (1293–1500) were among them, where evidences of their existence can be found throughout Java. Among many other temples in Java, Borobudur (a Buddhist temple) and Prambanan (a Hindu temple) are the most famous relic of old Javanese kingdom, both of which are listed in the UNESCO world heritage site. Islam spread into the Indonesian archipelago in the thirteenth century, including Java, where Wali Songo (the "nine ambassadors") were the most prominent Muslim's evangelist at that time. The spread of Islam (1200–1600) was first taken place at coastal cities before they grew into muslim states, such as Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) and Mataram Sultanate (1500s–1700s). In 1602, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in the archipelago and subsequently occupied and maintained control of trade and power for more than 300 years. VOC established Batavia (the present-day of Jakarta) on the northern coast of Java as its trading center and administrative headquarters. Coastal cities, such as Semarang and Surabaya, developed themselves into major trading harbors and the Dutch also developed Bandung in the inner mountainous region of west Java as their plan to move the capital from Batavia. Java was once governed by the British East India Company (1811–1816) under the appointed Lieutenant Governor General Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, when Holland was occupied by France during the Napoleonic wars. During Raffles administration, he introduced partial self-government, land-tenure system, and abolished the slave trade. Besides that, Raffles had firm interests on Javanese culture, of which he restored several temples, including Borobudur. Raffles also wrote the famous book of "The History of Java", the first book that describes Java's civilization and culture to the outside world. After the Indonesian independence in 1945, Jakarta remains as the capital and Java has grown itself into the most crowded area in Indonesia. While parts of rural Java are still underdeveloped, the urban areas of the island are Indonesia's wealthiest and most developed ones.